Environmental Ethical Issues Essay Example for Free

Environmental Ethical Issues Essay The world has over the last few years been witnessing a remarkable rise in awareness in philosophical ideologies that are geared towards the environment. A number of theories such as animal rights, eco-feminism, deep ecology, bio-centric ethics and other theories have been proposed with the main aim of providing value to the environment. Environmental philosophies have helped in exploring various causes of environmental destruction and the proposals they put across that would help to reverse the trend of destruction and restore the environment to an acceptable level. Most of the practices that these theories try to raise are geared towards grappling with the effects produced by the industrial and economic cultures that thrive in most countries. However, a variety of issues arise pertaining to the applicability of environmental ethics and whether the theoretical outcomes are attainable (Brennan and Lo, 2009). Nature has always been an important aspect of human life, this is evident with the recent surge of focus in the subject as more and more people become aware of the environment. The issue of environmental ethics came into being as a discipline in schools in the 1970’s. Philosophies during the 1960’s had the perception that the late 20th century would witness a ‘population time bomb†. Rachael Carol was one of the vocal scientists who drew much attention to the issue of an environmental crisis by detailing the impact that pesticides would have on the environment. Lynn White jr. also did a masterpiece essay that traced the roots of environmental crisis by arguing that Judeo-Christian thinking was a major contributor in the over-exploitation of nature. He argues that the thinking was that human beings were superior to nature, which is a theory that is widely discussed in theology and history. This as he argues tends to cause a kind of arrogance towards nature and this tends to be a cause environmental crisis (Brennan and Lo, 2009). Polluting or destroying the environment is behaviors that are considered as immoral and this perception proves that human beings are embracing the concept that a sustainable environment is necessary for survival. However, the process of keeping a sustainable environment may mean culling animals, destroying overpopulated species, putting out natural fires and this often leads to some issues such as the morality of the actions taken. Another issue that arises is the restoration of an environment after destruction such as when a mining company restores a land after working on it for a while which begs the question of whether there is a â€Å"difference between restoring an environment or a natural one† (Brennan and Lo, 2009). Modern day scientists have often argued that finding a distinction between â€Å"instrumental values and intrinsic values† is of great importance (Brennan and Lo, 2009). Instrumental values mean that are usable while on the other hand, intrinsic values are not reusable are an end to their survival. Fruits are considered to be of instrumental value to bats that feed on them since this makes the bats survive. The fruits on the other hand are not widely regarded as having an intrinsic value for themselves. This debate has been one of the contentious environmental ethics issues. Things considered being of intrinsic value demand protection morally with regard to those that are instrumental. Most traditional thinkers often tagged the term intrinsic value only to humans with a renowned philosopher Aristotle arguing that â€Å"nature has made all things specifically for the sake of man† which means that everything else is classified as instrumental (Keller 2010). However, with the advent of the environmental ethics, the issue of man’s moral superiority to other species in the planet is been challenged. The other borne of contention that is trying to be tackled, is the classification of intrinsic and instrumental values among various species. Modern scientists have often argued that the main essence of environmental ethics is directed towards providing moral grounds for policies that are aimed at protecting the planets environment and tackling issues of environmental degradation before they get out of hand (Keller, 2010). The fate of the outcomes that environmental ethics aims to fulfill lies in how various laws will be enacted. A considerable number of philosophers have come up with ideologies and they should be used in order to formulate laws so as to promote environmental values that are acceptable and also attainable. Everybody should be part of ensuring that the environment is being conserved so as to ensure survival of for the present and future generations. It cannot escape out attention that we are living in a nuclear age where we heavily depend on energy that produces waste which some of it is hazardous to the environment and even unrecyclable. These types of waste require careful management in getting rid off, so as to ensure that they do not pose significant threats to the environment. Although these types of waste may not have short-term effects at the present, they may be catastrophic for the future generation and thus the need to practice wise environmental ethics at the present to ensure survival and a future for the planet. References: Keller, D. R. (2010). Environmental Ethics: The Big Question. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Brennan, A. and Lo, Y. (2009). Environmental Ethics, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. ), derived on August 16, 2010 http://plato. stanford. edu/archives/win2009/entries/ethics-environmental/ .

Esistance and conductive putty Essay Example for Free

Esistance and conductive putty Essay The aim of this investigation is to find out the relationship between resistance and conductive putty, and to see how length of putty affects this relationship. The Experiment: Conductive putty is specially designed to be a conductor; this is achieved by adding carbon black. This can easily be used to prove the concept of resistivity because it is malleable and so the cross-sectional area, length and shape can easily be changed. This experiment will show the effects on resistance in a circuit, as the length of putty decreases. I will be using 30cm of putty, and decreasing it by 5cm each time. First the voltage of the battery will be taken using a voltmeter, and this will be recorded at the start of the experiment. Then a circuit will be constructed containing the battery, the ammeter and putty. See diagram. For each different length of putty, a reading will be recorded from the ammeter and when the practical has been completed, I will work out the resistance using the formula R=VI. From those results I will draw a graph and then evaluate and conclude my experiment. Diagram: Constants: My constants include the weight of my putty I am going to start each experiment with 50g of putty. I will also sustain the same thickness of putty throughout my experiment, and the same battery will be used constantly. Variables: Possible variables in this experiment are temperature, voltage, cross-sectional area, mass, surface area and length. My variable is going to be the length of my putty, which will decrease by 5cm each time. I am going to start each experiment, using 30cm of putty. Fair Test: To ensure my results are as accurate as possible, I will make sure my experiment is a fair test. For this, there should only be one variable. Other procedures can ensure it is a fair test, such as accurately measuring the putty to make sure it is decreased by 5cm exactly every time. The same battery should be used throughout the experiment and to guarantee no results are anomalous, the experiment will be conducted three times and a mean average will be taken from each result. Prediction and Hypothesis: I predict that the resistance will be directly proportional to the length of the conductor so that if the length is doubled, the resistance will double providing all other factors remain constant. My hypothesis for this is that conductors have lower resistance when they are shorter because the electrons have a shorter distance to travel so more energy is conserved since there are fewer collisions, and the current is higher. In the longer lengths, as free electrons move from atom to atom some energy given off to heat. The longer a conductor is, the more energy is lost to heat. The additional energy loss subtracts from the energy being transferred through the conductor, resulting in a decrease in current flow and an increase in resistance Safety: The conductive putty is a harmless, non toxic and non-staining, however if gloves are not worn, your hands become black and you will need to wash them. A lab coat should be worn to minimize marks on clothes and the experiment is conducted on a tray to reduce the possibility of a messy workspace. Apparatus list: 50g of conductive putty 2 coins Tray to work on Knife Ammeter Ruler Voltmeter Wires Crocodile clips Gloves Method: Put on gloves and rolled putty into 30cm long piece on the tray, trying to keep the thickness consist ant. Used voltmeter recorded the voltage of the battery. Connected battery to ammeter, and connected ammeter and other terminal of battery to putty by putting crocodile clips on the ends of the wires, clipping them to coins and placing coins at either end of the putty, this was done to make a reliable connection. See circuit diagram. Recorded reading from ammeter. Measured 5cm of putty with ruler and cut with knife. Re-attached putty to circuit. Repeated process, deducting 5cm from puttys length each time, recording the reading from the ammeter. Repeated experiment three times, which will enable me to spot anomalous results. Results: I have calculated the resistance using the formula: R=V/I. Resistance is measured in ohms and the unit uses the symbol ?. Experiment 1 battery voltage = 6. 12V: Length of putty in cm Amps in A Resistance in ? Analysis of Results: This graph shows me the results for all three of my experiments, and there is a line of best fit for each experiment. There are some inaccuracies as the voltage was slightly different for each experiment, and I feel that points for the later experiments are also out. This is visible in my results and is maybe due to the fact that the same piece of putty was used for all three experiments, and so heat from my hands must have affected results. I have taken the averages of my results. Length of putty in cm Resistance in ? These are my average results. These results were plotted on a graph (see graph) and they show a visible decrease in resistance as the length of putty decreases. This would prove my prediction and hypothesis to be correct, as it states that the putty will have lower resistance when the length is shorter rather than longer or the resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length; due to factors such as loss of energy to heat, higher rate of collisions etc.(see prediction and hypothesis) However, when looking at my graph I noticed that the two points representing the shortest lengths of putty were out. This could be because as the putty was being worked, rolled and cut throughout the experiment it had become warmer and softer due to the heat from our hands; this could have affected the resistance. Evaluation: My results have proven my prediction and hypothesis to be correct, in that resistance is directly proportional to the length of the conductor, in this case the conductive putty. I think my results were quite accurate, but what may have let them down was the fact that the batterys voltage was slightly different for each experiment and the coins used to connect the wire to the putty, did not stay in place very well. I also noticed there was often a big jump in amps and resistance between 10cm and 5cm of putty. This can be seen by looking at my results and the graph, and I have concluded that this is probably caused by my hands transferring heat to the putty by means of conduction, as the putty is regularly in contact with my hands during the experiments. I expect this could be separate experiment, in which we could investigate how temperature affects resistance. If this experiment was going to be redone, then I think I might use a new battery for each experiment, and record the voltage as constant for all experiments. Also I would maybe use a different method to connect the wires to the putty, like maybe sticking the wires directly and vertically into the ends of the putty. Another thing to do would be to use temperature or even cross-sectional area as a variable alongside length, and to do a series of experiments involving increasing the length while decreasing the cross-sectional area, and vice versa. Conclusion: I think this experiment was a success in that it proved the theory that resistance is lower with shorter lengths of conductor and my hypothesis declares that as the electrons have a shorter distance to travel if the length is shorter, there are fewer collisions and less energy is lost to heat unlike in a longer length of conductor, so the putty will have lower resistance. Therefore my hypothesis was correct and I have successfully concluded my experiment proving that resistance is directly proportional to the length of conductor. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Reasons for the gender pay gap

Reasons for the gender pay gap Since 1960, the feminization in the European work force is a phenomenon unquestionable. Indeed, today in France of 100 employed people, 47 are women contrary to 1962 where they were 34. In spite of this increase, sex is a significant decisive of professional position in working places (De Curraize, Y., Hugouneny, R., (2004)). This gender discrimination results through the gap of salaries between men and women. We consider in this study gender that gender gap defines oneself as a measure of the difference between the earning of men and women (Andrew Barnard (August 2008) p.18). Certainly, a number of significant review and reports have revealed that women in both full time and part time work earn less than men. Therefore, it remains professional disparities between men and women. To understand this gender discrimination, our analysis focuses on pay according sexes. Firstly, a current situation regarding women work will give basing on factors and reasons that have contributed to this situation. Secondly, a legal position will be analyzed through government initiatives set up to reduce this issue. Finally, the measures that organizations should and could take to eliminate gender pay gap will be examined. First of all, this part will focus on the current situation regarding women work and will find the factors which are contributed to this situation. Above all, it is necessary to define payment to understand our subject. Indeed, payment defines oneself as an income and all contractual terms and conditions including a basic salary and other benefits for example bonus, pension scheme, company car that could receive an employees. Today, the pay gap between men and women tend to decrease but it remains narrowed slightly. Indeed in the UK, the statistics revealed that pay gap between sexes is 12,2 per cent in 2009 while in 2008 it was 12,6 per cent. Therefore, sexes pay gap decreased however it has not removed. Moreover, according to Employee Benefits in Salary Survey (2009) the mean salary of men including rewards differs from  £16,000 above the mean salary of women. (Jones, Ben (December 2009)). Furthermore, in regard to the median earning, it is noticeable that the average pay of man in 2006 is  £11.71 contrary to women which is  £10.24. Anon (11/9/2006) Sexes pay gap shrinks. We could wonder if the women work is being valued equally to men. According to Anon (01/11/1999), the women work is 20 per cent less valuable than mens work. However, it is difficult to understand the pay gap if pay is not associated to observable factors. In fact, to analyze difference of income between men and women, we have to add the age, the region the occupation industries and sectors variables (Andrew Barnard (August 2008) p.23). According to Appendices 1, 2 and 3, it is to say that these variables have a significant impact on earnings. Firstly, if we focus on age effect on earning according to gender we can see that men progress faster than woman until 21-22 years old, then earnings increase at a similar rate until age 40 and after 46 years women earning are high than men. (See appendix 1) This tendency can be explained by the fact that women tend to return later to the working market due to their career breaks when they are pregnant. Secondly, if we choose the variable of occupational effects (See appendix 2) it is argueable that there is a difference of earnings between men and woman in managers and senior officials higher than administrative and secretarial occupations. In fact people who work within professional and technical occupations, career breaks are damaging people future earnings less who work within professional and technical occupations that means career is more flexible compared to senior officials occupations. Finally, in appendix 3 it can be seen clearly that women are submit to discrimination in m anufacturing, agriculture and fishing, energy and quarrying sectors due to their lack of skills in this sector. Only, the public sector offers roughly the equal earnings according gender. Finally, we can study the mentality of European Union members that know their feelings about the subject and know if for them it is natural that women work less than men in nowadays. (See appendix 4). The survey reveals that Europeans opinions differ from one country to another. In France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Portugal the majority of pooled people are discordant to this statement. Contrary to Greece, Bulgaria, Lithuania which are agree to say that it is normal that women work less than men. (European Commission (2009)) the results of this survey show very well that the mentalities are difficult to change and this contributes to discriminate women working. Discrimination occurs when one persons wage is different from another otherwise identical persons for reasons of non-productivity related characteristics such as gender Andrew Barnard (August 2008). Therefore, it is questionable why women are paid less than men. Andrews Barnard thinks it results from a combination of discriminatory and economic reasons. According to De Curraize, Y., Hugouneny, R., (2004), allocation of time between productive and domestic spheres is often in favor or men. Indeed, the salary of women is often a supplementary salary whereas men are specialized in working area. Moreover, stereotypical perceptions of women still remains through a lack of flexibility due to their needs to reconcile demands of career and family, some negative effects of masculine organizational culture. As reported by the minister of employment, social cohesion and housing (2006), women are less paid than men because their working time is lower than mens men working time. Indeed women work more frequently than men in part-time, they are doing more complementary hours but less lucrative than supplementary hours. In other part, men in average jobs are paid more than women in such that their supplementary hours are also in average better pay. Moreover, the pay gap between men and women is not only due to discrimination. Indeed, Hakims (2004) argues that it is a scientific theory. Men and women have different main interests and they find their fulfillment through differ balance. Of 100 women, 20 are work centred, 20 are home centred and 60 are adaptive. And on 100 men 30 are adaptive, 60 are work centred and 10 are home centred. Furthermore, it can be add also that women have a profile career easier to damage than men. The presence of children is of course a reason to cease activity particularly in women less qualified. Concerning women who have a high level of studies, maternity has an effect of working length with a transition of part-time to conciliate work and family life. Finally, women are concentrated in less lucrative fields often they are focus on health, social, teaching jobs at the expense of scientific and engineer field therefore we can speak about of occupational segregation (De Curraize, Y., Hugouneny, R., (2004)). Finally, Goldberg (1973) thinks that the male dominance in the working area could come from their hormones. Indeed, their attraction of competition, assertiveness, and dominant are due to their testosterone. Therefore, it is obvious for them to be in high hierarchy. To conclude this part, we can consider that discriminal in pay, occupational segregation and the unequal impact womens family responsibilities are three main factors which contribute to the gender gap. In this second part, a legal position regarding women work will be given through government initiatives. The main actors who contributed most to progress in the area of gender equality according to survey of European Commission (2009) are associations representing womens interests, national equality organization, trade unions, the European Institutions (European Parliament, European Commission, European Council), National public authorities, NGOs, and Employers representatives. Firstly, we will see that some convention, laws and ratification will create to reduce gender discrimination. Firstly, on the European level, some texts have been ratified. First of all the principle of equality between men and women defined in article 119 of Roma Treaty (1957) which announces the equality of pay without discrimination based on sex. This implies a payment given for a same job being establish in the basis of the same unit of measurement and that the payment given for a job paid being the same for the same work position. On the national level, the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) and United Kingdom Parliament have enforced The equal pay act in 1970 which is amended in 1983 based on prohibition of any less favorable treatment between men and women in terms of pay and conditions of employment. The term pay is interpreted in a broad sense to include, on top of wages, things like holidays, pension rights, company perks and some kinds of bonuses. Also, Sex discrimination Act dated of 1975 protects men and women from discrimination on the grounds of sex or marriage. Moreover, this Act is mainly in relation to employment, training, education, harassment, the provision of goods and services, and the disposal of premises. Other amendments have been introduced by the Sex Discrimination Act 1986, the Employment Act 1989, the Equality Act 2006, and other legislation such as rulings by the European Court of Justice. In February 2001, the EOC sets up Equal pay task force publishing a report to eliminate gender pay gap and almost try to understand it, take evidence and suggest commendation about how to close the gap through amending social economic and labour market policies to complement equal pay measures for instance flexibility, training opportunities. This report lays down 5 multi-levels to addressing the issue. The first one is raising levels of awareness and developing a common understanding of what the pay gap means, the second is reforming and modernising the equal pay legislation, then capacity building to ensure that employers and trade unions know how to implement equal pay, the fourth is enhancing transparency and developing accountability for delivering pay equality and the final one is amending social, economic and labour market policies to complement equal pay measures (Equal Pay Task Force Report (2001)). The law of 23 March 2006 has the same goal of Equal pay task force however this law leads to a sanction when there is no plan of curbing professional inequalities in com panies. (Gottely-Fayet J. (Mars 2010)) James Purnell, Minister of State for Pensions Reforms (March 2007) would allow men to share more domestic responsibilities. As reality has proved that men are already doing more within the household, but they still do less than women. This pensions reforms stands for tackle to stereotypical career paths (job suited to women for example Women and Work Commission- Five Cs), remove stereotypes embedded in organizational culture for instance women in support roles and reduce stereotypical view of men as managers (Managing diversity for equal diversity course slides). We have to notice also the Governments Ten Year Childcare Strategy (2nd December 2004) which is setting up to improve parents life. It relies on 4 principles which include the choice and the flexibility which is means that parents have a large choice about balancing work and family life, the availability concerning families with children aged up to 14 who need it, an affordable, high-quality childcare place is available in o rder to meets their expectations, the quality where a high-quality provision with a highly skilled childcare is promoted and finally the affordability where families could be able to afford flexible high-quality childcare that is appropriate to their needs according to the Government office for London (2004). And finally the Equality Act 2006 allowing to the British Government to introduce regulations outlawing discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation in goods and services in both Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the Sexual Orientation Regulations 2006) and a provision relating to the creation of a public duty to promote equality on the ground of gender. Finally, can be seen that government shows the will to remove discrimination through creative equal opportunities initiatives based on career-break schemes, work place nursery, women-only training programs, special holidays, work-sharing and part-time employment. (Firth-Cozens, J. and A. West (1990)) Government initiatives against discrimination are not enough to succeed to reach a total equality between men and woman. Indeed, other strategies within companies can be used to combat pay gap. Firstly, according to Jones, Ben (December 2009) a greater transparency is necessary in the companies, the availability of pay showing detailed job evaluations. For instance, in the public sector equal pay monitoring is a compulsory requirement. Employees have to make audits to publish gender gap in order to aware on discrimination, review existing policies within their companies and to re-examine how your staff are paid. The audit results will help to identify and address pitfalls in pay systems. It will also suggest good basis for create new policies or improving old ones. If companies are enrolled in fair pay this allow to have a positive impact on staff motivation and retention. It will also improve trust in the employer/employee relationship. EOC Equal opportunities commission (2009) pointed out. Some others measures should be taken to reduce the pay gap between men and women like impose penalties on company guilty of gender based pay discrimination, intensifying efforts to combat prejudice and generally negative accepted areas concerning women that is means challenging stereotypes; facilitate responsibility women positions through formal monitoring programs, remove barriers of inflexible working; improve access for women and men to sectors and jobs in which they are under-represented for example apply a fair recruitment and selection procedures and finally enhancing the standing of the sectors or jobs in which a majority of women are employed like combining work and family life, lifelong opportunities for women in training and work, embedding quality part-time work and improving careers advice. European Commission Survey (2009) p.67 Moreover, EOC proposes a guide to employers on equal pay between men and women under the sex discrimination ordinance. Indeed, company can enroll in Equal Pay Policy in order to have a good employment practice to maintain open communication with staff. This policy permits to ensure to employees a clear understanding on problems relating to their career within their organizations and understand principles affections their remuneration throughout their working life within their company. The Equal Pay Policy should cover the following requirement in order to combat pay gap: Some commitment are recommended like organizations commitment to support the principle of equal pay between men and women, an outline of the policies and practices undertaken by the organization to ensure pay equity, a commitment to carry out equal pay self-audits periodically and to take corrective actions if necessary, another one to provide resources to monitor equal pay practice in the organization, an account of actions taken and results obtained to validate compliance on equal pay under the Sex Discrimination Ordinance and the establishment of a mechanism to provide assistance to staff to address equal pay concerns. To sum it up Governments, organizations and institutions show their will to reduce and remove gender gap thanks to some Acts and laws such as the Equal Pay Act, Equality Act or Governments ten year child care strategy. Also, some strategies are implemented within companies like the development of a certain transparency, audits, fair recruitment, and career advice. In spite of the reduction of gender pay gap, we notice that it still remains through some statistics which show discrimination in pay, occupational segregation and unequal impact womens family responsibilities. There are good reasons to be optimistic about the future because the majority of Europeans consider that it is not normal that a women work less than men therefore the mentalities are changing however to combat women work discrimination it is questionable if the image of the women should be less stereotype in the media? Appendices Figure 1 Andrew Barnard (August 2008) Modelling the gender pay gap in the UK: 1998 to 2006 Figure 2 Andrew Barnard (August 2008) Modelling the gender pay gap in the UK: 1998 to 2006 Figure 3 Andrew Barnard (August 2008) Modelling the gender pay gap in the UK: 1998 to 2006 Figure 4 European Commission (2009), Gender equality in the EU in 2009

John Locke on Tacit and Unintended Consent Essay example -- Empiricists

In his Second Treatise on Law and Government, John Locke outlines clear and coherent standards for what constitutes a legitimate government and what persons one such government would have authority over. Both are determined by citizens' acts of consenting to relinquish to the government part of their natural authority over their own conduct. Unfortunately, the situation becomes much less clear once we consider how his standards would apply to the political situation existing in the real world today. If we continue to subscribe to Locke's account without altering its standards, we would see a precipitous drop in the number of people whose interests existing governments are responsible for serving. In this paper I will show that with certain changes and clarifications to Locke's standards, the responsibilities of existing governments need not be allowed to shrink so drastically. This creates a tradeoff, however. Changing the standards to apply more closely to actual functioning govern ments has the consequence of making it more difficult to determine the legitimacy of those governments. Some of the clarity of Locke's theoretical model is lost in translating it to apply to actual instances of government. A cornerstone of Locke's political philosophy is the idea that a government holds power legitimately only through the consent of the governed. A civil society consents to grant a particular government rule over it, and each person chooses on an individual basis to become a member of a particular civil society (II, 117). As giving such consent has far-reaching consequences over a person's life, Locke provides further explanation of what "consent" entails in this context. Only one way exists to become a member of a civil society: express consent. From Locke's account this would have to be a fairly formal business, which the individual enters "by positive Engagement, and express Promise and Compact" (II, 122). Locke's original wording is important because it seems to imply that unless a person actually makes a public agreement to submit to government law in return for protection of person, liberty, and property, she has not expressly consented. He makes it clear that there are no alternatives to this official process if one is to become part of a civil society, (II, 122). Even if one is not considered part of a particular civil society, she mus... ... of a government can be measured by the effective options available to its citizens. If we had held to Locke's standards for consent to membership in a civil society and submission to government rule, we would have concluded that most people in the world are tacitly consenting to the rule of governments created by very small groups of explicit signers of social contracts. This would lead to a bizarre picture of the political landscape very much at odds with intuition and with modern reality. By changing standards for consent to mean compliance with official requirements for citizenship when other options are available, we are able to account for those who consider themselves and are considered members of a civil society without having given explicit consent, while at the same time freeing those not given a choice from the appearance of having given consent. A government is then legitimate to the extent that its citizens have given consent according to these standards. It is one of those rare examples where laws have made the situation clearer. Sources: Locke, John. Second Treatise. From Two Treatises of Government, Laslett, Peter, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Aquinas Third Way Essay -- 3rd Way Philosophy

Aquinas’ 3rd Way   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aquinas’ third way argument states that there has to be something that must exist, which is most likely God. He starts his argument by saying not everything must exist, because things are born and die every single day. By stating this we can jump to the conclusion that if everything need not exist then there would have been a time where there was nothing. But, he goes on, if there was a time when there was nothing, then nothing would exist even today, because something cannot come from nothing. However, our observations tell us that something does exist, therefore there is something that must exist, and Aquinas says that something is God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aquinas’ argument has a couple of flaws in it. One is pointed out by Samuel Clarke, who says a whole series of dependant... Aquinas' Third Way Essay -- 3rd Way Philosophy Aquinas’ 3rd Way   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aquinas’ third way argument states that there has to be something that must exist, which is most likely God. He starts his argument by saying not everything must exist, because things are born and die every single day. By stating this we can jump to the conclusion that if everything need not exist then there would have been a time where there was nothing. But, he goes on, if there was a time when there was nothing, then nothing would exist even today, because something cannot come from nothing. However, our observations tell us that something does exist, therefore there is something that must exist, and Aquinas says that something is God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aquinas’ argument has a couple of flaws in it. One is pointed out by Samuel Clarke, who says a whole series of dependant...

John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men :: Essays Papers

Of Mice and Men Summary This story is about Lennie Small and his friend, George Milton, both of them were forced to leave weed because Lennie was accused of raping a girl. This book was set in Salinas Valley, California. The book begins with the two of them hiding from the mad townspeople. Lennie had a tendency to grab things and not let go, yet he was unaware of his own strength. This problem got them into trouble a lot. Chapter One: Lennie and George are hiding. They were forced to leave Weed because Lennie was accused of rape. They went from ranch to ranch. They sit and talk and disgust their plans are for the next day, then they go to a ranch and George does all the talking. Chapter Two: Lennie and George arrived at the ranch were his new home is. He asks them for both of their names, and where they worked before and what skills they have. George answers every question for Lennie that makes the boss curious. He asks George why he always answers the questions for Lennie, thinking that is trying to get Lennie’s pay. Then he tells him that Lennie is a little slow. After he left, Candy came in and so did Curley. Once he left, George and Candy talked about him. Candy said that Curley hates men who are bigger than him. Candy also said that Curley's wife is a flirt. Soon after, Curley's wife entered looking for her husband. After flirting with George and Lennie, she leaves. Chapter Three: Slim's dog just had puppies and Lennie asked if he could have one. Slim said yes. George told Slim about the incident in Weed. He also told him that Lennie had a problem where he has to touch pretty things, so he grabbed a girl’s dress. The girl started to scream. So he held on tighter because he was confused. The girl accused Lennie of rape and they had to leave town. Carlson tried to convince Candy to shoot his dog because it was so old and in constant pain. Candy finally said yes after arguing and then he shot the dog, and buried it. Several minutes later Curley came into the bunkhouse looking for his wife. He was told that no one had seen her around and was about to leave but he noticed that Slim was not there, either.

Kanban Pull System

Abstract Kanban Pull System is a method of controlling the flow of production through the factory based on a customer’s demand. Pull Systems control the flow of resources in a production process by replacing only what has been consumed. Kanban Pull System is a system that suitable for SMIs Company in Malaysia. Next, is discusses about Kanban Pull System Process for SMIs company in Malaysia. Kanban is a sign, symbol, or in the production process trigger signal is generated at the time of lean production and supply.Is a production Kanban pull or Kamban of JIT, Kanban signals from one process to the next process, to produce more parts in the main method. Besides that, Kanban Pull System has a lot of benefit for SMIs Company in Malaysia such as reduce overall inventory, reduce work in process, reduce order turnaround time, increase customer satisfaction, and improve cash flow. In addition, SMIs Company in Malaysia can use Triangle Kanban Pull System for success their business. key words: Kanban Pull System, Kanban Pull System is a system that suitable for SMIs Company in Malaysia, Kanban Pull System Process for SMIs Company in Malaysia, Kanban Pull System is a system that suitable for SMIs Company in Malaysia Kanban Pull System has a lot of benefit, and SMIs Company in Malaysia can use Triangle Kanban Pull System. 2. 0 Introduction Global manufacturing enterprises continue to increase their production and operation to recover, especially in the automotive and computer industries a competitive advantage.Industry challenges, e-commerce and customers via the Internet Order transferred to the configuration of the production equipment and make-up of environmental safety. Traditional large-scale production is not particularly adapted to clients' needs changing; it depends on forecasts of future demand and scheduling system to meet the expected demand for production work. Production systems, often with an inventory of products. In addition, a high level, and the ser vice is no longer taken from time to delivery.In contrast, only depend on current production, cause the release of work into the system, and â€Å"pull† system, to meet real demand. Timely production is better for the production of ideas, arguing that the right product at the right time and right amount of product that can meet customer needs changing. Reconfigurable systems enable rapid and low-cost replacement for capacity allocation, the desired product. Manufacturers are also moving off-line, and the need for suppliers to deliver the module sub-assemblies.Therefore, the pull system manufacturing and installation, basic understanding is essential for the orderly implementation of the paradigm. Industrial Engineering degree courses in general, including analysis of production and management process, but time and submits the concept of lean manufacturing principles. Many students also take language simulation, random number generation, input modeling, verification and valida tion strategies, and the analysis of simulation output, which includes course.However, little or no text books discuss the pull system using a simulation model, control, and analysis of materials. This article attempts to address this deficiency, and can be used as a simulation, and production and management courses added. This simulation model used to describe the mechanism of exciting the system, provide the reader with a â€Å"hands on† approach to the kanban system. And Zazanis Spearman (1992) provides a discussion of more advanced, push, pull-pull system to improve performance over conventional propulsion system and the current theory of motivation.They help this paper argues that the analysis of interesting systems, and provides a number of suspects, to encourage readers to consider, and pull the article describes the simulation model. 3. 0 Kanban Pull Systems Kanban Pull System is a method of controlling the flow of production through the factory based on a customerâ⠂¬â„¢s demand. Pull Systems control the flow of resources in a production process by replacing only what has been consumed. They are customer order-driven production schedules based on actual demand and consumption rather than forecasting.Implementing Pull Systems can help you eliminate waste in handling, storing, and getting your product to the customer. Pull Systems are an excellent tool to use in the areas where cellular or flow manufacturing cannot be achieved. Kanban is a sign, flag, or signal within the production process to trigger the production and supply of product as part of Just in Time in Lean manufacturing. Kanban or Kamban is the main method by which pull production is realized within JIT, the Kanban being the signal from one processes to a preceding process to produce more components.Most people have seen Kanban in operation but just do not realize it, there are two well known retail chains that spring to mind when considering Kanbans, the first is the chain that can produce your spectacles within the hour while you wait; your order is dropped into a tray, this tray is the Kanban, it is moved from one process to the next, each step being completed as per your specification within the hour. If there are no spare trays the assistant within the store knows that they cannot produce your glasses within the hour as capacity is all used up.The second example is that of a certain fast food / burger joint, between the server and the kitchen is what is known as the â€Å"burger regulator. † As the servers remove burgers from the regulator this is the signal to produce more to the kitchen behind. Batch sizes for production are changed during the day to match expected demand for peak and slow periods, if used correctly (many of the youngsters in these places seem to think they know better than the system! ) 95% of customers should find their order freshly available without having to wait. Figure 1: Kanban Pull SystemFigure 2: Kanban systems combined with unique scheduling tools, dramatically reduces inventory levels, increases turns, enhances supplier/customer relationships and improves the accuracy of manufacturing schedules. 4. 0 Should Every SMIs company in Malaysia Use Kanban Pull System? The next question to address is should pull systems be implemented in most SMIs company in Malaysia. The two types of pull systems respond slightly differently to changes in volume and product mix. The major disadvantage for both types of pull systems is that they require fairly steady product flow.Kanban is typically restricted to repetitive manufacturing where material flows at a steady rate in a fixed path. Large variations in volume or product mix destroy the flow and undermine the system’s performance goals. If there is too much WIP, the goal of minimizing WIP in the system is not achieved, and financial flexibility in dealing with scheduling and engineering changes is lost. If there is too little WIP, throughput goals cannot be attained. While still requiring a relatively steady volume, is a little more resilient in handling changes in product mix.The difference between their capabilities of handling product mixes has to do with the individual products having different bottlenecks and how WIP is controlled within the system. Questions to consider when assessing whether a pull system should be adopted include: †¢ How often do design, engineering and schedule changes occur? †¢What are the economic consequences of maintaining the current system compared to converting to a pull system? †¢ Can a pull system reduce overall lead-time compared to a push system? †¢Are suppliers reliable enough to support just-in time delivery of raw materials or subcomponents? Is the production system reliable, or does it suffer frequent breakdowns that stop production? †¢ Are labor and management committed to making the changes needed? †¢ How often and how significantly does the product mix change? In situations where a pull system is found to be acceptable for a facility, a decision of which type of pull system to implement must be made. As discussed previously, the choice depends on the level of WIP control desired (at the individual workstation level, or a â€Å"black box† system level). 5. 0 Kanban Pull System Process for SMIs company in MalaysiaKanban is a sign, symbol, or in the production process trigger signal is generated at the time of lean production and supply. Is a production Kanban pull or Kamban of JIT, kanban signals from one process to the next process, to produce more parts in the main method. Most people have seen the billboard operations, but did not realize it, there are two well-known retail chains, spring to mind when considering signs, the first chain to produce your glasses in an hour, while you wait; order down to the tray, tray this kanban, they move to the next process, each step in an hour to complete, according to your specifications.If no alternate storage tray assistants know that they cannot come in one hour is your ability to walk out of the glass. The second example is the fast food / burger venture between servers and kitchen, which is known as the â€Å"Hamburg rules. † Hamburg because the server was removed from the regulations, to produce more in the kitchen behind the signal. On that day, to meet expected demand at the summit and slowly, if used correctly (young people in these places, many people seem to think they know better than the system! 95% of customers need to find the size of the production fresh they may have to wait for change orders. 6. 0 Benefit of Kanban Pull System for SMIs company in Malaysia 1. Reduce overall inventory 2. Reduce work in process 3. Reduce order turnaround time 4. Increase customer satisfaction 5. Improve cash flow 7. 0 Successes of Kanban Pull System for SMIs company in Malaysia A maker of fine table linens was able to slash its average order turnaround time from 3-w eeks to 3-days using a Pull System. The changes eliminated bottlenecks in production and increased responsiveness to customer needs.A manufacturer of high-quality packaging machinery implemented a multi-faceted Lean transformation. A Pull System was used to smooth the flow of WIP. The changes decreased WIP by 62% and dramatically increased the number of orders completed each day. Pull Systems/Kanban-and other lean techniques-were implemented by a manufacturer of custom fiberglass and vacuum form products. These changes increased productivity by 20%, reduced inventory by 53%, decreased lead-time by 63%, and far exceeded their targeted goals. 8. Simulation Models of Kanban Pull System for SMIs company in Malaysia Simulation models have been developed in Arena 3. 5 and tested in Arena 4. 0 for the Kanban Systems in Figures 1 and 2 respectively (Marek, 2000). The reader is assumed familiar with the basics of simulation programming and analysis. The code for these models is presented in the following sections for the reader to obtain a â€Å"hands-on† feel for the different pull mechanics in each system. The serial manufacturing systems being modeled contain four workstations, and must produce two types of products.The make-to-order production facility has reconfigurable manufacturing equipment, allowing rapid and low cost changeovers to switch between product types. The setup times for changing between product types are considered to be zero on the assumption that the products are quite similar. This is a realistic assumption, for production line designers are now examining the value of agile tooling, fixtures, and material handling, so that any part in a general family may be produced on the line if the designed part fits within he line’s production envelope. For this reason, product types are not batch processed on a forecasted basis, but are processed on a first-come first serve (FCFS) basis as orders arrive. Product types are assigned from a disc rete probability distribution for each arriving order with 70% type 1 and 30% type 2. Process times at each workstation may depend on product type. Machine breakdowns and supply chain failures are currently not considered. The variance reduction technique of Common Random Numbers (CRN) (Pegden, et al. 1995) is employed to synchronize usage of random numbers in the Kanban Systems so that the systems are compared under similar conditions. Each system observes the same sequence of arrivals of type 1 and type 2 jobs and uses the same processing times for jobs at each workstation. This approach is often justified for scenario analysis whereby the analyst seeks to compare two or more alternatives (systems) and control specified parameter sequences while permitting other system parameters to vary.By designing the various simulation runs, the analyst can better distinguish the impact(s) of specific changes in the scenarios. Throughout the remainder of this paper, specific ARENA modeling con structs are used to define the modeling approach. The ARENA SEEDS element controls the six random number streams used (See Table 1). By using common random numbers, randomness in experimental conditions is reduced, and any measured differences in the two systems are due to the pull behavior and card control level used. Stream| Seed| Purpose| 1| 2323| Job Inter-Arrival Times| | 4545| Workstation 1 Processing Times| 3| 8080| Workstation 2 Processing Times| 4| 8181| Workstation 3 Processing Times| 5| 1717| Workstation 4 Processing Times| 6| 1974| Job Type| Table 1: Random Number Streams 9. 0 Kanban Pull System Focus for SMIs company in Malaysia A Kanban card can be generated to identify production of part(s) to replenish in-house inventories, a withdrawal of product for shipment to a customer, or to signal the replacement of raw materials and components. Using Kanbans there must be a purchase or an order to generate the card.The product is pulled through the production sequence based o n the order from the customer. Pull/Kanban is a part of the Lean Production or Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing process, applying Lean principals to eliminate waste. Every method in the Lean production system focuses on the elimination of waste. Lean principals should not be limited only to manufacturing operations, all areas of a company can benefit from the application of Lean principals. Reduction of waste ensures lower costs, higher quality products, and better service and delivery. 10. Triangle Kanban Pull System for SMIs company in Malaysia The method that Toyota facilities would follow most of the time in connecting a batch process to a downstream assembly process is called the triangle kanban. Below is an example in rough detail of how to evaluate to use this method for implementation (See LEI Workbook Creating Level Pull for a more detailed explanation). The example assumes you have a batch machining department feeding some type of final assembly. The machining department h as five machines building 11 totally different product variations.The demand for each product varies significantly, as does the standard pack quantity of each part. The setup time for changeover is about three hours. 1. Take the 11 part numbers and dedicate them to the five machines. (Ideally for example four machines will have two part numbers to run and one will have three part numbers to run, but this depends upon volume and mix, etc. ) 2. Now let us take one machine which now has several dedicated part numbers assigned to run on it. 3. Create a single triangle kanban for each part number including the following information (see picture below). . Part number b. Part description c. Inventory location d. Machine to be run on e. Space for date triggered to be written f. Tool number g. Lot size* h. Trigger or reorder point* *We’ll calculate these below 4. Determine the required daily run time for each part number. Calculate your average daily demand for each part number. If yo u haven’t leveled the build in final assembly it’s probably wise to add some amount in to cover demand variation. Let’s assume that you have two shifts of eight hours available production time which equals 16 hours of production (simplest case).If you have two part numbers on a machine, you can derive required production time based upon average daily demand and the cycle time to run the 3 part number. For example, let’s say, for ease of calculation, that required production time adds up to 10 hours. 5. Determine the time available for changeovers. In the simple case of 16 hours of production and 10 hours of demand it leaves six hours for changeovers each day. You should incorporate any average down time and scrap you have in the short run – but eliminate this in the long run. Thus, in our simple case (ignoring downtime, etc. you have available time for two changeovers daily or roughly one per shift under current calculations. 6. Determine your lot size for each part number. There are different ways to do this but for simplicity I will only describe the easiest. In this case your lot size is simply set at one day of production since you probably have two part numbers on this machine and will average two changeover events per day. In essence you are making every part ever day. If you had 10 part numbers on the machine and only two changeovers per day you would have lot sizes of five days. . Determine your trigger point for replenishment. To do this, add up the run time for the longer of the other components, add the changeover time, and add the time to make the first container and get it reliably back into the market. This is the minimum level you can establish for a replenishment trigger point for product. (An average trigger point might be 300 pieces. ) The system works by hanging a single triangle kanban at the trigger point in the inventory location. When the trigger point is reached, material handling takes it back to the producing machine.The kanban is hung on a rail at the machine and dictates what to build next and the lot size. The triangle pull system has many advantages. It is virtually self-running once established as long as average demand does not change. If it does, change your lot sizes accordingly. Also, the triangle helps stabilize quality since product is dedicated to a machine, and it takes out some variability but you can choose to run product on other machines. The down side is that the inventory in the market is not visible at all times since there is no batch board with cards.You do see, however, how many kanban are hanging on a rail at the machine which is a good indication of inventory depletion and a tool for visual control. Furthermore, there is only one kanban per part number to manage. Other minor challenges include, of course, figuring out the die maintenance schedule (for some types of machine) and what impact this will have on the schedule. Also you must figure out a simpl e signal to reliably bring any needed raw material to the machine. Figure 3: Sample Work Flow Using Triangle Kanban for SchedulingFigure 4: Triangle Kanban Detail In the end, you must decide what is the main goal is of implementing the pull system. Each of the three described ways works in terms of scheduling a batch process in conjunction with a market but each has a slightly different emphasis in mind. It might be worth the time to calculate the inventory levels, run times, operating rules for each of the three different ways. Construct a simple matrix, evaluate each of them in accordance with your priorities, and select the one that best fits your needs and company ability. 1. 0 Conclusion At this point, the reader should feel comfortable with the basic concepts, modeling, and card reduction techniques for Kanban systems. The major advantages of implementing a pull system include reduced cycle time variability, and economic flexibility to make engineering and design changes. Whil e Kanban systems maintain tighter control of system WIP through the individual card resources at each workstation, Kanban systems are easier to implement and adjust, since only one set of system cards is used to manage system WIP.The card reduction strategy discussed also demonstrates how simulation can be used as an effective decision support tool for production operations. Additionally, modeling pull systems with virtually any simulation language can present challenges to the analyst in that one must be somewhat innovative in the construction of the model and fully understand how to apply the given modeling constructs to effect a valid model. ARENA was chosen as the underlying simulation language because of its wide applicability in industry, and its ease-of-use as a teaching language.The authors’ experience is that it is straight forward to learn additional simulation languages after learning concepts of process flow and modeling techniques using a first simulation languag e. The Kanban systems logic should be relatively easy to implement in other simulation languages (such as AutoMod, Witness, ProModel, Simul8, etc. ) that specialize in modeling manufacturing process flows. Thus, by studying the example problem contained herein, a greater insight and appreciation for the logic and application of the modeling constructs (especially in the ARENA frame) are obtained. 2. 0 References Marek, R. P, Elkins, D. A, Smith, D. A (2001). Understanding The Fundamentals of Kanban and Conwip Pull Systems using Simulation. Spearman, M. L, Woodruff, D. L, Hopp, W. J, (1990). Conwip: A Pull Alternative to Kanban. Deleersnyder, J. L, Hodgson, T. J, Malek, H. M, Grady, P. J. O (1989, September). Kanban Controoled Pull Systems: An Analytic Approach. Karmakar, S. U (1986, June). Interating MRP with Kanban/Pull Systems. Working paper Sereies No. QM8165. Krar, Steve. Pull (Kanban) Systems Smalley, A. Connecting Assembly with batch Processes via basic Pull Systems